Impact of Alzheimers Disease in the United States - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2858 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Alzheimer's Disease Essay Did you like this example? This study intends to investigate the impact of Alzheimers disease in various sectors such as economy where the cost of care giving and cost of treatment are costly causing the economys resources to be diverted there. The cost of care giving continues to rise with time and by 2050, it is estimated that the cost will rise to about 1.1 trillion U.S. Dollars. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact of Alzheimers Disease in the United States" essay for you Create order The study illustrates that Alzheimers disease is among the most expensive diseases to diagnose and treat in America compared to others such as cancer and coronary heart diseases. Annual costs for treatment and caregiving ranges to 100 billion U.S. Dollars. Alzheimers disease also leads to serious human suffering, hence people quitting from their jobs and their special activities since it interferes with someones livelihood. According to this study, Alzheimers disease is speculated to lead America to bankruptcy within the next few decades. However, the situation can be remedied by various steps such as establishing Federal Programs for health systems to improve on prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimers disease, and supporting the work organizations such as a Alzheimers Association in fighting Alzheimers disease. This will go a long way to save the nation. Impact of Alzheimers Disease in United States Introduction Alzheimers disease is a prevalent dementia type associated with memory challenges, reasoning, and deficiency in cognitive abilities. The main risk factors for Alzheimers disease include a rise in the number of aging people, since the majority of the population with Alzheimers disease age about 65. According to the Alzheimers Association, Alzheimers disease worsens as time goes by since it continually progresses once a patient develops the symptoms (Alzheimers 2015). The early symptoms include mild loss of memory, but later stages also show the reduced ability for patients to respond appropriately to their current environment, the inability to maintain relationships with other people, and the inability to hold a proper conversation. Various medical reports show that Alzheimers disease has no known cure, although there is an available treatment for symptoms. Furthermore, there is extensive research being done to come up with th e full cure. Although the current treatment is not in a position to prevent the progression of Alzheimers disease, it plays a significant role in enhancing lifespan and slows down the rate of increased symptoms. Alzheimers disease has been the main cause of worry in many nations over the decades due to the number of deaths it causes. The lifespan for those who develop the disease is about eight years once the symptoms can become evident, while survival rates range from four to five years in individuals, although this is dependent on health, condition, and age. According to the Alzheimers Association, there has been an enormous burden caused by Alzheimers disease and other dementias to many countries, especially the American state. This burden mainly goes to the American government, individuals, caregivers, and health organizations systems. According to the annual report made by the Alzheimers Association, there is a huge population living with the disease; it is estimated to be at about 5.7 million. The report estimates that this number is likely to project to about 14 million by 2050. Alzheimers disease is among the six leading causes of death in the U.S. and a health care organization repo rts that Alzheimers disease has been causing more deaths in the past and current decades than those produced by both prostate cancer and breast cancers. It is a worrying situation as the disease develops in a U.S. individual every 60 seconds, this rate is likely to rise to 33 seconds by the year 2050. Americans family preoccupied with the needs and fear of relatives with Alzheimers disease and other dementias due to the cost in providing care. The report estimates that 16.1 million citizens cannot meet the cost of delivering care, hence causing massive debts and putting a heavy burden on the caregivers. Patients with Alzheimers disease require 18.4 hours of caregiving according to the 2017 report; this caregiving is estimated to cost about 232 billion U.S. dollars. The total cost of caregiving and treatment, according to this report, is likely to increase to 277 billion U.S. dollars, causing the nation to direct a lot of resources to the health sector. Worse is, the costs will continue to rise over the decades despite the various campaigns being held all over America. The report estimates that by 2050, the price will increase to about 1.1 trillion U.S. dollars. Therefore, medical practitioners and health care in general have a role to play in carrying out early, precise, and accurate diagnoses, further research on the etiology and risk factors for the disease, and proper treatment with a mission to save masses of people ( Heneka et al. 2015). Also, there is a high possibility of salvaging 7.9 trillion U.S. dollars from the medical and caregiving costs. There have been significant efforts and fights against Alzheimers disease. The leading organization in America in fighting to end Alzheimers disease is the Alzheimers Association. This organizations sole mission and objective is to eliminate Alzheimers disease and all other dementias by taking up advanced research, providing enhanced care for patients, and reducing the risk factors for all dementias by ensuring proper brain health and creating adequate awareness to the citizens through their various campaigns. Other organizations include the BrightFocus Organization, Alzheimers Research Organization, and the Auguste Deter Foundation. These organizations have dire need to control the development of Alzheimers disease due to its many impacts, especially on the economy of America. This article elaborates further on the general the impact of mortality, caregiving, and the costs of treatment of Alzheimers disease in the U.S. Alzheimers disease leads to severe human suffering. The patient undergoes a period of a lack of awareness, reduction in cognitive behavior, loss of memory, impaired eyesight, impaired speaking and writing. Sudden change of personality especially in mood to mood changes and inability to carry out daily activities, hence withdrawing from working environments and consequently, there is an increased dependency on their relatives (Norton et al.2014). They often require close attention through caregiving; it forces them to cut on food budgets to meet the cost of caregiving which is very costly. This is primarily in the elderly who require hospice services and long-term care since they cannot do anything for themselves. Alzheimers comes along with various syndromes such as difficulty in sleeping, cases of prolonged depression, apathy, and hyperactivity (Rosenberg et al. 2015). These syndromes require non-stop care and medical attention that have proved to be very costly. Alzheimers disease is associated with the inability to exercise clear judgment, hence, patients are not in a position to make decisions by themselves. They are unable to communicate appropriately with those they have direct relationships with using both verbal and non-verbal cues. Alzheimers disease has a tremendous economic impact on the United States. It is among the most expensive conditions to diagnose and treat in the U.S., and it is the third most costly disease in the U.S. following cancer and coronary heart disease. The annual cost of treatments and caregiving for Alzheimers disease account to 100 billion U.S. dollars. These costs include direct costs like medical care costs, intangible costs which involve the pain and endurance which those related directly to patients undergo and indirect costs. The latter involves the costs endured of the resources lost during illness. These may include reduced productivity to excessive caregiving by nurses, unpaid caregiving services, and the premature deaths of patients. Alzheimers disease has been speculated to cause Americans a lot of money within the next few decades as cases of Alzheimers disease continue to increase every year. Caring for patients with Alzheimers disease is estimated to costs Medicare, other private insurance in the U.S., Medicaid, and even other individuals over 20 trillion U.S. dollars in the next few decades. Factors that increase the cost of Alzheimers disease include the severity of Alzheimers disease and other dementias which increases over time, comorbidities. Reports show that a single patient may experience more than one comorbid condition. The cost of treatment for each comorbidity is about 10,400 U.S. dollars. For instance, the settings of giving care during the early stages of the disease are presented as the indirect costs and are usually higher than direct costs because patients are taken care of by informal caregivers. Putting the patients in institutions when the symptoms begin to become severe usually reverses the indirect costs and reduces them, causing a rise in direct expenses to therefore an increase in the total cost up to 3 times. Research proves that a reduced delay in diagnosis and accurate testing is believed to reduce the total cost of the disease. Prevalence of Alzheimers disease increases with a growth in age groups, which in turn increase the total cost of caring. In analyzing the economic impact and the effects of treatment of Alzheimers disease, various facts have to be laid down. For instance, if a treatment delays, it does not necessarily influence the survival rate of the patient but the overal l cost of treatment. If there is the desire to reduce the cost of medications to a certain range, one of the areas to look at is the sector of informal caregiving. If, however, the treatment process is prolonged with the purpose to enhance survival, there is a possibility that there will be a rise in the overall cost of treatment. Some economic analysis which has the potential to influence the cost of treatment may be used, such as RCT and pre-post designs. However, these analyses are expensive to carry out and not of significant impact since they are too short term. Pharmacological treatments have great potential to increase the total cost of Alzheimers disease despite the roles they play in reducing the symptoms of the progressing disease. These treatments are very costly, causing an enormous strain on those who relate directly to the patients. Another significant impact is on the fact that Alzheimers disease is a fatal disease, and this is because there has not been a real cure despite the outstanding efforts made by health care systems and advanced research. Alzheimers disease is also a disease that progresses with time, and the only available treatment is meant to slow the symptoms. Hence, once the disease develops in an individual, the final result will be eventual death. This has caused a prolonged strain for the relatives of the patients and the nurses taking care of them. Various reports show that caregivers suffer from psychiatric symptoms such as depression. The knowledge that the patient will eventually die and offering too many hours of care brings stress and depression. Relatives use a lot of resources, cutting off budgets and all of a sudden shifting attention to the expensive treatment associated with Alzheimers disease that is incapable of curing the patient. This fatal aspect of Alzheimers disease has caused a significant deprivation of the economic state of the United States. This mainly occurs because once the disease develops in a patient, the patient is incapable of taking up responsibilities and activities which revolve around cognitive behavior, memory, and interacting with other members of the society (Ch? ©telat 2018). They are forced to quit working since they become helpless. This does more harm than good to the economy. Instead of the patients generating revenue, they spend most of the countrys resources on treatment and caregiving. This treatment is very costly. This, in turn, leads to the state shifting its resources on the health sector, ignoring other areas that generate more funds. Despite all those financial strains, the patient eventually dies. Worse is, there are high numbers of those who die annually, decade after decade. This reduces the number of citizens by an exceptional range, thus reducing income and revenue by a triple range. If steps in fighting Alzheimers disease are not laid down by mid-century, the U.S. and other nations will receive a blow due to the loss they will have faced. A notorious challenge in the U.S. is the issue of unpaid caregiving, 83% of care provided to Alzheimers disease patients in the U.S. comes from friends, relatives, and other caregivers who are not paid for care given. This unpaid caregiving has played a significant role in reducing economic growth as it ac counts up to about 232 billion U.S. dollars, and this is more than double the revenue that other sources of income provide. Caregiving is a significant process that is integral during treatment. The role of caregivers is to ensure that patients maintain their hygiene to prevent further infections that may be risk factors to a progression of the disease. Most of the nurses are often unable to provide the total care required for patients and have to work over time to meet the amount of attention needed, therefore, they have to work many hours, thus assistance has been reducing over the years (Montanini et al. 2016). Major approaches that may be expensive are being taken to aid the nurses in providing proper care without necessarily straining them and with the sole purpose to enhance the independence of the patients with the Alzheimers disease. Ambient Assisted Living technologies may offer the kind of assistance required. The least amount of informal care provided on a weekly basis for Alzheimers disease patients is 490 hours of work. The bulk of the cost of caregiving mainly goes to the unpaid caregivers. The majority of the caregiving is not only facing financial issues but also their health risks associated with caring for Alzheimers disease patients. These involve developing depression and advances psychological disorders these ca regivers face. These psychiatric disorders result from too many hours of caregiving and prolonged lifetime caregiving. The caregiving burden rises as the diseases symptoms become severe, as the patients health deteriorates, and the caregiver is also at high risk of being fatally ill. In the fight against Alzheimers disease, the U.S. should focus mainly on the risk factors that may interfere with the lifespan of an individual with dementia. One major step is in preventing other chronic diseases that may advance symptoms such as diabetes and preventing obesity which is a significant risk factor as it leads to adipokine dysregulation. Research done by The Journals of Gerontology shows that by reducing the risk and impact of diabetes, the lifespan of a 52- year old dementia patient may be advanced. Also, elimination of high blood pressure for the middle-aged and the elderly increases the expected lifespan of patients living with Alzheimers disease and other dementias by a period of two to three years (Zissimopoulos at al. 2018). In conclusion, Alzheimers disease is one of the most prevalent and devastating diseases in the U.S. that has drained the resources and the econnomy by continually increasing the cost of careviging and general treatment, especially among the aging groups. There must be an outlined plan that must be set to reduce the widespread impact of Alzheimers disease in the U.S. The problems concerning the patient suffering from Alzheimers disease should be more open in their healthcare department and reasearch minds, so they can work together by making enough efforts in coming with a cure for the Alzhe imers disease. The main focus during pharmacological treatment has been on prolonging the lifespan of the patient. To achieve better results, the focus should shift with immediate effect on solely determining etiological risk factors and doing away with them, and in turn, ultimately controling the development of the fatal disease. Focusing on prolonging the life of the patient does not give the long-term solution because, at the end of the day, there is the loss of life due to Alzheimers disease. There should be disease-prevention therapy. This kind of treatment is not only estimated to salvage millions of peoples lives but would also save billions of U.S. dollars in treatment and care provided. One of the other steps is to establish federal programs for families and health systems to improve the prevention of Alzheimers disease, diagnosis, caregiving, pharmacological treatment, and institutional and informal care. This will enable the nation to determine whether it is meeting the direct challenges caused by the disease for families affected, the caregivers, and the economy in general. This process, however, requires various resources to be channeled to the health sector for the plan to be fully implemented. Such resources include advanced research by scientists, funds for research, and the general participati on by the government in coming up with a permanent solution for the countys primary challenge. Another important step that the nation can undertake is to promote the work done by organizations such as the Alzheimers Association, whose major role is to fight the disease. Promoting this organization may involve funding by the government since it is a non-profit organization. This will enable the citizens to generally appreciate the work done and to promote awareness through sharing information, supporting the organization during campaigns, and participating in setting aside some amount to donate them. The medical experts also have a great role to play in the early and accurate diagnosis of the disease to understand the real cause and establish the required treatment in time. This will go a long way to prevent mortality up to a very high percentage.

Critically Evaluate Feminist Explanations of Female...

Critically evaluate feminist explanations of female criminal behaviour. The involvement of females in crime and as the committers of crime was once a rare phenomenon but in recent years a dramatic increase has been seen all over the world. In England and Wales statistics have shown between 1994 and 2006 female crimes have steadily increased and have since continued to do so (MOJ 2009). Many sociological explanations and interpretations have arisen to coincide this surge in female offending as to understand its recent development in society. This assignment will look at different feminist explanations and critically evaluate them and their value in understanding female crime. In contemporary society women still commit less crimes than†¦show more content†¦So rather than being criminals, in deserve of punishment, they are rather offenders in need of help and guidance who are not a danger to society as the previous statement by the Home Affairs Committee points out. This theory is called the social marginalisation theory which this assignment will discuss in greater detail later in this essay. From the stated statistics it is clear that female criminal behaviour has changed in recent years and has risen a great deal. Denscombe (Chapman Langley, 2010) offers an explanation for this development suggesting new changes in society that sees women becoming more like men, taking up more masculine activities, roles and opportunities that have risen out of having a more equal society which in previous decades would not have been socially accepted. This wave of risk taking behaviour and ladette culture leads to further types of behaviour that often lead to arrest, e.g. binge drinking, violence. Other male adopted behaviours can lead to gang involvement were women take on a tomboy role and are treated as men (Hagedorn, 1998) In the UK females hold over half the population but yet have always played a lesser role in crime statistics. This has been a pattern seen throughout the last century with statistics, the criminal justice system and crime remaining male dominated. ThisShow MoreRelatedThe For The Home Office3173 Words   |  13 Pagesracialization of immigrants (Morosanu et al, 2012), the impact of immigration and the negative stereotype will be discussed in this essay to achieve an understanding of the origin of racially motivated victimisation. Furthermore, this essay will evaluate the nature and extent of racially motivated victimisation by discussing the various ways black Afro- Caribbean individuals experience victimisation through hate crime, stereotypes, racism and inequality within the United Kingdom [with the use ofRead MoreTraditional African Family19679 Words   |  79 Pagescapitalists false consciousness patriarchal societies interactionism interaction looking glass self negotiation pos tmodernism objective measures phenomenology value-free critical social scientists  © 2004, HarperCollinsPublishers Limited learned behaviour society norms positive and negative sanctions ascribed status premodern societies non-industrial civilizations industrialism urbanism modernity functionalism social order Marxism infrastructure eans of production ruling-class ideology feminism malestream

Speech Outline Free Essays

Thesis Statement: If people knew the beneficial effects of music it may help them succeed. Body: I. How does listening to music help you succeed? A. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now Depending on the type of music you listen to it could help improve your moo d. It can bring a â€Å"more positive mind set’, which helps with the reduction of stress, which essentially can improve your I immune system. Transition: How music can decrease stress â€Å"Listening to music can have a tremendously relaxing effect on our minds and bodies†¦ Music can have a beneficial effect on our physiological functions, slowing the pulse and heart rate, lower Eng blood pressure, and decreasing the levels of stress hormones. † according to Psych Central. B. It is said that classical music is what you should listen to but researchers say t at you can listen to any music for a stress reliever. â€Å"We think the pleasant State that can be induced by music leads to special pH histological changes which eventually lead to stress reduction or direct immune enhancement. Said Dry. Irony En, Dry. En lead recent research about music’s effect on the immune system. I. So, if you’re feeling stressed listen to your favorite music. Transition: Reducing stress will help you from getting sick. L. Stress hormones are likely to leave the body and Mucilaginous A is increase De when listening to music A. â€Å"Scientists found that after volunteers had listened to just 50 minutes of uplift Eng dance music, the levels of antibodies i n their bodies increased. They also found that stress hormone levels, which c an weaken the immune system, decreased after being exposed to the music. The scientists tested 300 people, asking the m to listen to the dance music or to a random collection of tones. † Transition: Music will help you remember stuff. Music can help you remember important things, and help you study for a test It has been said, â€Å"Research has shown that music with a strong beat can stir elate brain waves to resonate in sync with the beat, with faster beats bringing sharper concentration and more alert thin inning†. II. At the University of California at Irvine researchers had students study for a et SST without listening to music and then take the test. Then had students study for another test while listening to music c, they then took the test the second time. The outcome was that when the students listened to music the test scores we re higher from when they studied without music. After this study they began to name this the â€Å"Mozart Effect†. Psych Cent trial. Conclusion: People should listen to music if they are feeling sick, stressed out, or want to f Ochs on something. How to cite Speech Outline, Papers

Challenging and Competitive Business Era

Question: Discuss about the Challenging and Competitive Business Era. Answer: Introduction For this research paper, I would like to select Toowoomba chamber of commerce as a research organization. In this paper, I will design a marking audit for the selected organization. It is because of a marketing audit is very essential for the success and growth of the business organization. The marketing audit also plays a significant role in order to accomplish the competitive advantages in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. This research paper would be beneficial in order to provide an overall overview of the organization. Along with this, this paper would also be helpful to evaluate the business environment of the firm. Furthermore, this paper would also be valuable to conduct SWOT analysis, TOWS analysis and PESTLE analysis in order to examine the internal as well as external business environment of the firm in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. In addition to this, this paper would also be beneficial in order to conduct target market, customer, competitor, and stakeholders analysis to accomplish the business goals and objectives in an effective and a significant manner. Finally, this paper would also be advantageous to provide recommendations that the firm must implement for the success and growth of the business in todays more complicated business environment. Section 1: Organizational Overview Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce (TCC) is known as the largest regional chamber of Australia. Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce (TCC) started to operate its business in 1899. The Chamber plays a significant role in order to protect business interests and to present a secure future to the community (Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce. 2016). Along with this, it is connected with the commercial as well as cultural development of the Toowoomba. In past years, TCC has played a critical role in numerous initiatives such as: the Heritage Bank Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce (HBTCC), Carnival of Flowers (CF), Business Excellence Awards, Toowoomba Business Excellence Awards (TBEA) and so on. These initiatives have contributed into the growth of the economy of city. In current, it provides top quality information services and also offers superior business networking opportunities to the people or members. Moreover, at present, a wide range of committee of TCC works across the different region of Australia. The vision, mission, and brand value of TCC is as below: Vision: The vision of TCC is to maintain sustainable economic growth within the Toowoomba area in a proper way (Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce. 2016). Mission: The mission of the TCC is to promote businesses all the way through provide training and also improve their knowledge in an appropriate way. Moreover, the mission of TCC is to deal with members effectively in order to overcome present as well as future challenges in a significant manner. Brand Value: The TCC administers the wealth protection team in order to improve wealth of the corporation in an effective way (Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce. 2016). Moreover, the TCC also focuses on rebranding as well as prelaunch of the business. TCC develops its brand value in the Toowoomba area all the way through providing the premier advocate as well as networking services in the area. Section 2: Environmental Scan An environment scanning plays a significant role in order to recognize the macro and micro environmental factors related to business that may have an effect on the performance of the business. In other words, it consists of both internal and external analysis of the business firm. Along with this, TCC conducts environmental scan to assess the current situation and aptitude of the business that is essential in order to survive todays more complex business environment (Nwankwo and Gbadamosi, 2011). Moreover, TCC conducts SWOT, TWOS, and P PESTEL analysis in order to appraise the macro as well as micro environmental factors in an effective way. SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis points out the major strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the business. SWOT also plays a significant role in order to provide valuable information and data for the success of the organizations. Moreover, strengths weakness points toward the internal environment and opportunities threats stands for the external environment of the business (Chernev, 2010). Along with this, with the help of SWOT analysis, business firms can make out positive as well as negative aspects of business in an appropriate way. TCC also conducts SWOT analysis to evaluate its current condition and situation properly. The SWOT analysis of TCC is as below: Strengths: The major strength of TCC is that it improves the quality of life within the area in order to develop and maintain business communities in an effective way. Along with this, business communities also play a vital role to offer products and services for the people. TCC also allows people to get pleasure from marvelous quality of life (Malhotra, 2011). Moreover, the other strength of TCC is its motivational factor. For case, it provides reward to the organizations those perform best in their field. Weaknesses: The major weakness of the TCC is programs, policies, and strategies adopted by the firm. It is because of its policies increases the cost of the firm and also decreases the revenues of the TCC. In addition to this, the other weakness of TCC is that it totally depends on other sponsors for instance the Heritage Bank for finances in order to run other business activities or programs (Aaker, 2010). Opportunities: TCC has an opportunity to enter in the new market in the area of Toowoomba. TCC requires enter in the other segments such as: Live Strong Life Insurance and so on in order to endorse its business in these segments for economy growth. Along with this, TCC also has loads of opportunities in the field of advanced technology, research development and infrastructure (Paley, 2009). Moreover, by providing the most modern technologies and superior infrastructure, TCC would be able to improve its network and business area in the Toowoomba region. Threats: Economic as well as employment uncertainties are the major threats in front of TCC that may influence the overall network and business communities of the firm in a negative way. Moreover, the lack of funds is also other threat that TCC may face in future time period (Cant, 2009). In this way, it can be assumed that, these are the major strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the TCC. TOWS Analysis: TOWS analysis is also famous as TOWS matrix. TOWS analysis is similar to SWOT analysis. The major difference is that in the TOWS analysis, business firms examine threats and opportunities. After that, business firms focus on the weakness and strengths of the business (Loudon, 2011). Along with this, the TOWS matrix of the TCC is as below: Threats: 1. Lack of collaboration with business association 2. Changing political environment of Australia (Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce. 2016). Opportunities: 1. New segments to enter 2. Large number of members all the way through joint venture 3. Confiscate barrier Weaknesses: 1. Continuous changes in the political environment of the nation 2. New board member Strengths: 1. High brand value 2. Long term sustainability (Mullins, 2009). 3. Proficient in business development policy PESTLE Analysis: PESTLE analysis that is also recognized as PEST analysis is a sign of the political, economical, social, and technological factors that influence the performance of the TCC. Moreover, PESTLE analysis is also well-known as macro-environment situation analysis. PESTLE analysis involves the external factors of the business (Bates, 2009). In addition to this, these factors provide support to the TCC in order to maintain its position in the area. The PESTLE analysis is give as below: Political: Political factors consist of political rules regulations, government stability, tax policies, trade restrictions, labor law, and so on. The political factors are favorable for the TCC. It is because of the government of the less is stable that provide support to the business; so it can run its operations within the region in an effective and a more comprehensive way. Along with this, the political factors point toward positive signs to TCC in order to accomplish success and growth in the area (Palmer, 2012). Moreover, TCC also follows all government policies, rules and regulations of the Australia to accomplish its goals and objectives in a pre-determined time period. Economical: Economic factors take in economic growth, exchange rates, interest rates, and so on that have an effect on operations as well as decisions of the business. The growth of TCC totally depends on the economic trends such as: GDP, employment rate, and consumption level of the nation. The economic trends are favorable to TCC. It is because of economic trends increased employment rate of the nation in previous years (Brei, Vieira, and Matos, 2014). Along with this, it should also be noted down that, Heritage Bank is the biggest mutual bank of the Australia that is sponsor of TCC and also plays a major role in order to maintain its business activities and programs in the Toowoomba area. Social: Social factors consist of the cultural aspects, demographics, population growth rate, traditions, age group, and so on that also have effect on the overall performance of the business. The social aspects of the nation provide support to the activities and initiatives of TCC. The main reason behind it is that Australia is famous for the social dynamic in its different areas (Krstic, and Popovic, 2012). As a result, it has great impact on the organizational process of TCC. Moreover, the labour of nation is highly skilled and this also has a positive impact on the performance of TCC. For that reason, the social factors are favorable for the TCC. Technological: The adoption of advanced technology is also essential to each and every organization in order to maintain their position in the market. Along with this, the changes and innovation in the technologies may create difficulties for the business firms. TCC adopts and implements advanced technologies in its business process in order to provide high quality services to the customers of Toowoomba region (Choudrie, and Middleton, 2013). In addition to this, TCC also uses advanced technology to deliver business oriented services, to condense the cost and to improve the quality of services in an effective and an appropriate manner. In this way, PEST analysis points toward the external factors that may create risks to the business. Section 3: Customer, Competitor and Stakeholders Analysis The target market analysis, customer analysis, competitor analysis, and Stakeholder analysis of Toowoomba chamber of commerce is given as below: Target Market Analysis: TCC is one of the most famous advocacy as well as business support providing association that delivers essential advocacy to the large organization in local business community. Along with this, the target market of TCC is the local business community that grows within and outside of the country like Barker signs, Action Metal Recyclers, Climate Assist Png, and so on (Farahmand, 2011). Moreover, TCC makes out its potential customers for instance Allied Liquid Waste, Aba Pty Ltd, et cetera in order to amplify membership in an effective and a significant manner. In addition, TCC segments its target market demographically. Customer Analysis: From the viewpoint of advocacy service, TCC satisfies the needs and requirements of customers in a proper way. TCC offers wide range of facility to its customers together with current advanced constitution. Along with this, TCC adopts and implements rapidly changing constitution rules as well as regulations of Australia in ord er to take care of customers in an appropriate way (Kim and McAlister, 2011). On the other hand, in this demographical segmentation, TCC mainly focuses on local business communities mainly. TCC behaves friendly to fulfill the needs of customers in an appropriate way. TCC is also use both demographic and behavourial segmentation to target their customers. For case, as per the demographic, it targets the customers on the basis of ethnicity. For example, it targeted the customer within the regional city in Australia. On the other hand, based on behavourial segment, it also target its customer based on Benefits Sought and Loyalty Status. Moreover, TCC also develops trust in order to establish a strong relationship with the customers. The board member of TCC provides solutions to customer in order to improve growth rate of business within business community. Competitor Analysis: The TCC develops a network that offers alternatives of business to connect with large and diverse group of local as well as regional companies in order to promote its products and services in the nation. Moreover, no other organization is providing these types of service within nations (Leonidou, and Leonidou, 2011). For that reason, it can be said that, TCC does not have any competitors in todays more complex and competitive business era. Stakeholders Analysis: The most important stakeholders of TCC are the Toowoomba Chamber of Commerce Industry, Toowoomba Surat Basin Enterprise, Heritage Bank, Mrs Taisoo Kim Watson, University of Southern Queensland, Football Toowoomba Inc, and so on. Along with this, the stakeholders of TCC play a key role in order to develop the network and to make important contribution to the business. For case, University of Southern Queensland plays a major role in order to develop program in different cities (Park, and Rim, 2012). Moreover, Toowoomba Surat Basin Enterprise plays a significant role in order to provide information about development of economy to the customers. In addition to this, Mrs Taisoo Kim Watson also plays a crucial role in the operational process of TCC. Also, Mrs Taisoo Kim Watson connects with the government council board and also infers the service that is helpful in order to enlarge income delegation in a more comprehensive way. Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion: On the basis of the above market audit report, it has been acknowledged that because of new member of advocacy board, TCC is not capable to offer council with important information in order to improve performance of local business community of Toowoomba. Moreover, it is also observed that TCC is unable to meet the demands on the subject of statutory obligations in order to ensure ethical business activities. Along with this, TCC is also unable to carry out the statutory requirements to its customers. The organization is incapable to make corrections in its planning scheme policy. Also, as a result of changes in the government policy, Toowoomba TCC is powerless to assist its customers in an effective and a significant manner. Recommendations: TCC should prepare a plan as well as design specific group in order to support the business framework in an appropriate way. Moreover, TCC should take on council officers within its chamber of commerce. On the other hand, TCC should follow the rules and guidelines of statutory guideline in order to make right plan and improve local business community planning effectively. This will be helpful for the firm in order to make the slight amendments in the policies of the TCC (Smith and Speed, 2011). 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