The UK travel and tourism sector Essay Example for Free

The UK travel and tourism sector Essay Inbound and Outbound Tourism Outbound tourism is when you leaving the UK to travel to another country for business or leisure. Outbound tour operator is organising holidays and provides a range of discount package deals, which you can combine with accommodation, transport to the destination and ground transport such as a transfer from the airport to the hotel. The two largest tour operators are Thomson and Thomas Cook Group. Outbound travel agents can give advice, sell and administer the booking for a number of different tour operators. 7000 travel agency has been estimated in the UK, some of these agencies have multiple branches while others are independent shops. Some online travel agencies operate only on the internet and have no physical outlet on the high street for example online agencies are Expedia, Ebookers, Travelocity and Opodo. Outbound Transport In the UK, there are varieties of ferry, rail and airlines organisations providing transport services to other countries. The Euro star is the outbound rail for the UK, it takes passengers to France (Paris and Lille) and Belgium (Brussels). Norfolk Line is the outbound ferry company in the UK, it take passengers from Dover to France. Supporting organisations- There are various supporting organisations that provide a regulation and promotion role for outbound tourism. Ancillary organisations- There are a variety of ancillary organisations that support outbound tourist, these include car hire and insurance companies. An example of ancillary organisation is providing travel insurance to outbound traveller can be found at GO, Columbus Direct and Direct- travel. Inbound tourism is when a foreign tourists coming in to the UK for business or leisure Inbound Tour operator- UK inbound tour operators can organise travel service for groups of inbound tourists. After the tourists have arrived by plane, these organisations can organise transfers, accommodations, tours, interaries, events and education for them. Coach  operators- Coach Operators are the first UK travel and tourism organisations used by a group of inbound tourists arriving in the UK by coach operators. They can provide a range of transport operations for inbound tourist ranging from simple airport to accommodation and transport to full tours around the UK.Many coaches provide DVD/video players, toilets, tea and coffee services. Supporting organisation- There are many supporting organisation that operate in Britain. For example, Meet England is the official body responsible for promoting England as meetings and events destinations, venue, and travel arrangements for those organising conferences. Ancillary organisations- As with domestics and outbound tourism, there are a variety of ancillary organisation which support inbound travel and tourism organisations, including car hire companies such as enterprise easy car and national.

Study On The First And Second Congo War History Essay

Study On The First And Second Congo War History Essay Congo has faced many small struggles. The major wars of the Congo are termed as Ist Congo War and Second Congo War. These wars resulted in huge loss and casualty. The First Congo War (November 1996 to May 1997) ended when Zairean President Mobutu Sà ©sà © Seko was overthrown by rebel forces backed by neighboring Uganda and Rwanda. Rebel leader Laurent-Dà ©sirà © Kabila declared himself president and changed the name of the nation back to Democratic Republic of the Congo. The war set the foundation for, and was quickly followed by, the Second Congo War, also named the African World War, which began on August 2, 1998. The Second Congo War, also known as Africas World War and the Great War of Africa, began in August 1998 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly called Zaire), and officially ended in July 2003 when the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo took power (though hostilities continue to this day). The largest war in modern African history, it directly involved eight African nations, as well as about 25  armed groups. By 2008 the war and its aftermath had killed 5.4  million people, mostly from disease and starvation, making the Second Congo War the deadliest conflict worldwide since World War II. Millions more were displaced from their homes or sought asylum in neighboring countries. Despite a formal end to the war in July 2003 and an agreement by the former belligerents to create a government of national unity, 1,000  people died daily in 2004 from easily preventable cases of malnutrition and disease. The war and the conflicts afterwards are, amo ng other things, driven by the trade of conflict minerals. First Congo War Origin Mobutu had ruled Zaà ¯re since 1965 with backing from the United States, which viewed him as a bulwark against the Communist MPLA in Angola, ZANU in Zimbabwe, and ANC in South Africa. A wave of democratization swept through Africa in the early 1990s, following the collapse of the Soviet Union. There was substantial internal and external pressure for a democratic transition in Zaà ¯re and Mobutu promised reform. He officially ended the one-party system he had maintained since 1967, but ultimately was unwilling to implement broad reform, alienating allies both at home and abroad. There had long been considerable internal resistance to Mobutus rule. Opposition included leftists who had supported Patrice Lumumba as well as ethnic and regional minorities opposed to the dominance of the Kinshasa region. Kabila, an ethnic Katangese, had been fighting the Mobutu government for decades. In what became known as the Great Lakes refugee crisis, 2 million Hutu refugees fled from Rwanda, fearing retaliatory genocide, after the Rwandan Patriotic Front took over the country in July 1994, ending the Rwandan Genocide. Among the refugees were members of the Interahamwe, militia groups linked to political parties who took part in the genocide earlier that year. They set up camps in eastern Zaire from which they attacked both Rwandan Tutsis and Banyamulenge, Zairian Tutsis. Mobutu, whose control of the country was beginning to weaken, supported the Hutu extremists for political reasons and did nothing to stop the ongoing violence. Course of the war When the vice-governor of South Kivu Province issued an order in November 1996 ordering the Banyamulenge to leave Zaire on penalty of death, they erupted in rebellion. The anti-Mobutu forces combined to form the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Zaire (AFDL). The AFDL received the support of the leaders of African Great Lakes states, particularly Paul Kagame of Rwanda and Yoweri Mucseveni of Uganda. Lacking foreign military assistance, many elements of the Zairian Army joined Laurent-Dà ©sirà © Kabila as they marched from eastern Congo on Kinshasa. With active support from Rwanda, Uganda and Angola, Kabilas forces moved methodically down the Congo river, encountering only light resistance from the crumbling regime based in Kinshasa. The bulk of his fighters were Tutsis and many were veterans from conflicts in the Great Lakes region of Africa. Kabila himself had credibility because he had been a longtime political opponent of Mobutu, and was a follower of Patrice Lumumba, the first Prime Minister of the independent Congo who was murdered and overthrown from power by a combination of internal and external forces, to be replaced by the then Lt.-Gen. Mobutu. Kabila had declared himself a Marxist and an admirer of Mao Zedong. He had been waging armed rebellion in eastern Zaire for nearly two decades, although according to Che Guevaras account of the conflict, he was an uncommitted and uninspiring leader. Kabilas army began a slow movement westward in December 1996 near the end of the Great Lakes refugee crisis, taking control of border towns and mines and solidifying control. There were reports of massacres and brutal repression by the rebel army. A UN human rights investigator published statements from witnesses claiming that the AFDL engaged in massacres, and that as many as 60,000 civilians were killed by the advancing army, a claim strenuously denied by the AFDL. Roberto Garreton stated that his investigation in Goma turned up allegations of disappearances, torture and killings. He quoted Moese Nyarugabo, an aide to Mobutu, as saying that killings and disappearances should be expected in wartime. In March 1997, Kabilas forces launched an offensive and demanded the government surrender. The rebels took Kasenga on March 27. These reports were dismissed by the government which would begin a long pattern of disinformation from the Defense Minister as to the progress and conduct of the war. Talks were proposed in late March. Etienne Tshisekedi, a long time rival of Mobutu, became Prime Minister on April 2. Kabila, by this point in control of roughly 25% of the country, dismissed the coalition government as irrelevant and warned Tshisekedi that he would have no part in a new government if he accepted the post. Throughout the month of April the AFDL made consistent progress down the river, and by May were on the outskirts of Kinshasa. On May 16, 1997, the multinational army headed by Kabila battled to secure Lubumbashi airport in the southeast of the country after peace talks broke down and Mobutu fled the country. He died on September 7, 1997 in Morocco. Laurent-Dà ©sirà © Kabila proclaimed himself president on the same day and immediately ordered a violent crackdown to restore order. He then began an attempt at reorganization of the nation as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, once Kabila was in power, the situation changed dramatically. He quickly became suspected of corruption and authoritarianism comparable to Mobutu. Many pro-democratic groups abandoned him. He began a vigorous centralization campaign, bringing renewed conflict with minority groups in the east who demanded autonomy. Kabila began to turn against his former Rwandan allies when they showed little sign of withdrawing from his territory. He accused them and their allies of trying to capture the regions mineral resources. His reliance on the Rwandan government for political and military aid contributed to the perception that he was a puppet of the Rwandan government. In August 1998, Kabila dismissed all ethnic Tutsis from the government and ordered all Rwandan and Ugandan officials to leave the DRC. The two countries then turned against their former client, sending troops to aid rebels attempting to overthrow Kabila. This paved the way for the beginning of the Second Congo War. Second Congo War The second Congo war was a consequence of first war Congo war. The First Congo War began in 1996 as Rwanda grew increasingly concerned that members of Rassemblement Dà ©mocratique pour le Rwanda militias, who were carrying out cross-border raids from Zaire (currently known as the Democratic Republic of Congo), were planning an invasion. The new Tutsi-dominated government of Rwanda protested this violation of their territorial integrity and began to give arms to the ethnically Tutsi Banyamulenge of eastern Zaire. This intervention was vigorously denounced by the Mobutu govrernment of Zaire, but he did not have any military capability to oppose, and little political capital to spend. With active support from Rwanda, Uganda and Angola, Laurent-Dà ©sirà © Kabilas rebel forces moved methodically down the Congo River, encountering only light resistance from Morbutus crumbling regime based in Kinshasa. The bulk of Kabilas fighters were Tutsis and many were veterans from conflicts in the Great Luakes region of Africa. Kabila himself had credibility because he had been a longtime political opponent of Mobutu, and had been a follower of Patrice Lumumba, the first Prime Minister of the independent Congo who was murdered and overthrown from power by a combination of internal and external forces, to be replaced by the then-Lieutenant General Mobutu in 1965. Kabila had declared himself a Marxist and an admirer of Mao Zedong. He had been waging armed rebellion in eastern Zaire for more than three decades, though, according to Che Guevaras account of the early years of the conflict, he was an uncommitted and uninspirational leader. Kabilas army began a slow movement westward in December 1996 near the end of the Great Lakes refugee crisis, taking control of border towns and mines and solidifying control. There were reports of massacres and brutal repression by the rebel army. A UN human rights investigator published statements from witnesses claiming that Kabilas ADrFLC engaged in massacres, and that as many as 60,000  civilians were killed by the advancing army (a claim strenuously denied by the ADFLC). Roberto Garreton stated that his investigation in Goma turned up allegations of disappearances, torture and killings. He quoted Moese Nyarugabo, an aide to Mobutu, as saying that killings and disappearances should be expected in wartime. Kabilas forces launched an offensive in March 1997 and demanded the government surrender. On March 27 the rebels took Kasenga. The governments denied the rebels success, starting a long pattern of false statements from the Defense Minister as to the progress and conduct of the war. Negotiations were proposed in late March and on April 2 a new Prime Minister was installed, Etienne Tshisekedi, a long time rival of Mobutu. Kabila, by this point in rough control of one quarter of the country, dismissed this as irrelevant, and warned Tshisekedi that he would have no part in a new government if he accepted the post. Throughout the month of April the ADFLC made consistent progress down the river, and by May were on the outskirts of Kinshasa. On May 16, 1997 the multinational army headed by Kabila battled to secure Lubumbashi airport after peace talks broke down and Mobutu fled the country. He died on September 7, 1997 in Morocco. After securing victory, Kabila controlled Kinshasa. He proclaimed himself President on the same day and immediately ordered a violent crackdown to restore order. He then began an attempt at reorganization of the nation. Aftermath and legacy Areas of continuing conflict The fragility of the state has allowed continued violence and human rights abuses in the east. There are three significant centers of conflict: North and South Kivu, where a weakened FDLR continues to threaten the Rwandan border and the Banyamulenge, and where Rwanda supports RCD-Goma rebels against Kinshasa (see Kivu conflict); Ituri, where MONUC has proved unable to contain the numerous militia and groups driving the Ituri conflict; northern Katanga, where Mai-Mai created by Laurent Kabila slipped out of the control of Kinshasa. The ethnic violence between Hutu- and Tutsi-aligned forces has been a driving impetus for much of the conflict, with people on both sides fearing their annihilation as a race. The Kinshasa- and Hutu-aligned forces enjoyed close relations as their interests in expelling the armies and proxy forces of Uganda and Rwanda dovetail. While the Uganda- and Rwanda-aligned forces worked closely together to gain territory at the expense of Kinshasa, competition over access to resources created a fissure in their relationship. There were reports that Uganda permitted Kinshasa to send arms to the Hutu FDLR via territory held by Uganda-backed rebels as Uganda, Kinshasa and the Hutus are all seeking, in varying degrees, to check the influence of Rwanda and its affiliates. Possible Remedial Steps Help by Developed nations. Continued help and support by UNO and its members. Efficient government and its policy. Uplifting moral character and standard of the people by creating awareness and educating people.

Butanol :: Biology, Bacteria

Many species belonging to the genus Clostridium are categorized as strict anaerobes because neither they nor key enzymes inside them are able to function normally during aerobic culti-vations, and stringent anaerobic conditions are required for their growth (1). Despite the gen-eral understanding about the sensitivity of clostridial species to O2, some strains possess me-tabolic mechanisms for withstanding, to some degree, the presence of dissolved oxygen (DO), and this phenomenon has been reviewed(2,3). Clostridium acetobutylicum strain ATCC 824, a widely investigated model for studies on the fermentative production of butanol, sus-tained growth after a shift from anaerobic to microoxic conditions (0-0.2 % DO)at the mid-exponential phase of growth, however, it ceased to grow on flushing the broth with a gas mixture of 5 % O2 / 95 % N2 (4).The O2-tolerance of C. acetobutylicum strain ATCC 824 in microoxic conditions has been attributed to the production of O2-induced polypeptides, wh ich are presumed to play a protective role against toxic activated oxygen species such as superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide (4).Studies on the oxygen stress-responses in the obligate anaerobes C. acetobutylicum and C.aminovalericum revealed the upregulation of gene clusters coding for O2-scavenging enzymes, including NADH : rubredoxin oxidoreductase (EC 1.18.1.1), glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9), thiol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.1), alkylhydroperoxide reductase (EC 1.11.1.15), and superoxide dismutase (5).Based on the findings of Kawasaki et al. (4,5), Hillman et al. (6) reported that C. acetobutylicum strain ATCC 824 perRmutants, survived aerobic incubation on agar plates for up to 50 days (6). The per mutants also survived oxidative stress in aerated liquid cultures for up to 3 hours before a decrease in cell viability was observed (6). However, at this stage (after 3 hours) if no further O2 was added to the broth culture, the perR mutants were able to reestablish anaerobic c onditions by rapidly consuming DO in the broth (6). These reports (4,5,6) however, did not investigate the effects of oxidative stress on the production of solvents. Despite the presence of metabolic mechanisms in some clostridia for surviving short-term oxidative stress, these appear to be insufficient for establishing long-term survival under aerobic conditions. Literature on the effects of oxidative stress on butanol-producing bacteria, all of which are strict anaerobes, remains limited. A fuller understanding of the effects of such stressants on metabolite production will provide insights into stress-specific responses in bu-tanol-producing bacteria and may reveal strategies for improving the yield of solvents.

Chisholm and the Doctrine of Temporal Parts :: Science

Chisholm and the Doctrine of Temporal Parts In the appendix to Person and Object, Roderick Chisholm discusses the doctrine of temporal parts. Chisholm’s position is that the arguments commonly supplied in support of the doctrine are not successful. In this paper, I will consider Chisholm’s objections and then give my own responses in favor of the doctrine of temporal parts. The doctrine of temporal parts, commonly called four dimensionalism, is a metaphysical theory concerning how it is that objects persist through time. Four dimensionalism holds that objects are both spatially and temporally extended; as such, an object is considered to be demarcated by its dimensions in both the spatial and temporal realms. In terms of parthood, then, four dimensionalism considers an object to be jointly composed of both its spatial and temporal parts. Moreover, at any one point in time, it is only a spatiotemporal part of the entire four dimensional whole that is presenting itself to us. The four dimensionalist speaks of these parts, or stages (â€Å"time slices†) of the four dimensional object as constituting, over a period of time, the entire object[1]. Another way of putting this is to say that a four dimensional object is an aggregate of all of its spatial and temporal parts. Opposed to this view of the persistence of objects through time is three dimensionalism. Three dimensionalism appears to be more in line with our common everyday sense of how objects persist through time; one in which we believe in, as Chisholm puts it, â€Å"the concept of one and the same individual existing at different times† (143). In contrast to the four dimensionalist, then, the three dimensionalist maintains that objects persist by being â€Å"wholly present† at each point at which they exist. Ultimately, Chisholm uses his arguments against temporal parts in order to support his general theses concerning personal identity over time. However, it is not within the scope of this paper to explore the underlying reasons Chisholm might have had for arguing against the four dimensionalist: that topic is best left to a more extensive project on the subject of the persistence of objects through time. For now, we will just take a look at three criticisms that Chishol m proposes for the temporal parts theorist: (1) that the so-called spatial analogy is not accurate, (2) that the doctrine of temporal parts does not solve the Phillip drunk/ Phillip sober puzzle, and (3) that the doctrine is of no use in solving various other metaphysical puzzles. Chisholm and the Doctrine of Temporal Parts :: Science Chisholm and the Doctrine of Temporal Parts In the appendix to Person and Object, Roderick Chisholm discusses the doctrine of temporal parts. Chisholm’s position is that the arguments commonly supplied in support of the doctrine are not successful. In this paper, I will consider Chisholm’s objections and then give my own responses in favor of the doctrine of temporal parts. The doctrine of temporal parts, commonly called four dimensionalism, is a metaphysical theory concerning how it is that objects persist through time. Four dimensionalism holds that objects are both spatially and temporally extended; as such, an object is considered to be demarcated by its dimensions in both the spatial and temporal realms. In terms of parthood, then, four dimensionalism considers an object to be jointly composed of both its spatial and temporal parts. Moreover, at any one point in time, it is only a spatiotemporal part of the entire four dimensional whole that is presenting itself to us. The four dimensionalist speaks of these parts, or stages (â€Å"time slices†) of the four dimensional object as constituting, over a period of time, the entire object[1]. Another way of putting this is to say that a four dimensional object is an aggregate of all of its spatial and temporal parts. Opposed to this view of the persistence of objects through time is three dimensionalism. Three dimensionalism appears to be more in line with our common everyday sense of how objects persist through time; one in which we believe in, as Chisholm puts it, â€Å"the concept of one and the same individual existing at different times† (143). In contrast to the four dimensionalist, then, the three dimensionalist maintains that objects persist by being â€Å"wholly present† at each point at which they exist. Ultimately, Chisholm uses his arguments against temporal parts in order to support his general theses concerning personal identity over time. However, it is not within the scope of this paper to explore the underlying reasons Chisholm might have had for arguing against the four dimensionalist: that topic is best left to a more extensive project on the subject of the persistence of objects through time. For now, we will just take a look at three criticisms that Chishol m proposes for the temporal parts theorist: (1) that the so-called spatial analogy is not accurate, (2) that the doctrine of temporal parts does not solve the Phillip drunk/ Phillip sober puzzle, and (3) that the doctrine is of no use in solving various other metaphysical puzzles.

Essay --

The movie, A Beautiful Mind, tells the true story of Princeton professor John Nash’s lifelong struggle with schizophrenia. The movie opens with John Nash as a graduate student at Princeton. It is at this point in his life that he meets his friend Charles, who is later discovered to be a hallucination. When Nash graduates and goes off to work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Charles does not come with him. Instead, his hallucinations subside and he meets a woman, Alicia Larde and they soon become married. It isn’t until he returns to Princeton that he is reunited with Charles, who is accompanied now by his niece Marcee, also a figment of Nash’s imagination. On his return to Princeton, Nash is invited to a secret United States Department of defense facility at the Pentagon to crack a complex enemy encryption. When Nash is able to solve the code, William Parcher, a new hallucination, gives him the assignment to look for patterns in the news to help foil Soviet plans, and to report his findings. Things take a terrible turn for Nash and his disorder, when he is â€Å"chased by R...

Debate of Technology Cause More Harm Than Goods Essay

* â€Å"so-called scientists† discovered mass weapons of destruction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ atomic bomb, etcetera† * mobile phones, supposed to â€Å"bring people closer,† actually â€Å"destroy marriages† * motorbikes, motor cars, and factories destroy the ozone layer, which contributes to global warming * motorcars, motorbikes, and airplanes have caused the death of many lives * â€Å"many people lost their lives in Iran, Liberia, etcetera;† â€Å"the victims are the youths who are the cream of society† * â€Å"science helps to terminate urban [or possibly I misheard and he said â€Å"unborn†] lives through abortion;† â€Å"many women now refuse to pregnate† * students no longer interested in studies; instead they are interested in football, mobiles and television * the discovery of materials like cars, medicines, drugs, gold, silver and crude oil led to killing of innocent lives in Sierra Leone, Kuwait, Zimbabwe, Nigeria * caused a lack of stability in the trading system * â€Å"caused lots of orphans during war† * car accidents and drug abuse * â€Å"Internet mobile phones promote prostitution with pornographic sex industry† * The internet leads to political instability â€Å"like the war between America and Somalia† * in countries like America students are going to school and killing without reason; in countries like those in Africa people are killing for money * â€Å"As we all know, science and technology is used only for destruction† * â€Å"Let’s all fight against [science and technology] to eliminate it from our society† Against the motion(â€Å"which I stand with my AK-47 and say a big no to†): * â€Å"This is not a debatable topic because a fact is a fact† * â€Å"Gone are the days when people travel long distances to communicate,† â€Å"now we can lie in bed to communicate via phone or internet† * planes and ships mean we no longer need to transport things by foot. Transportation â€Å"used to take weeks, even months, now minutes or seconds† * we understand our body systems, â€Å"we understand what is good and not good for our health† * comprehend diseases in our environment * â€Å"one cannot move by foot from here to America† * â€Å"mobile phones make communication faster within mankind† * Africans can process wealth from soil and such things * advertising of goods and services– â€Å"we won’t know about some products until we see them on television† * it creates jobs for people who would otherwise be unemployed * provides us with clean water for preventing us from germs * electricity for â€Å"ease of visibility in our surroundings† * taught us about types of diseases like malaria, yellow fever, etcetera and how to prevent them; provides us with medicines * â€Å"before introduction of science, our forefathers were living in dark period† * â€Å"agriculture was developed by scientists† * created weapons to guard from internal and external enemies, not to kill one another without reason * mass media brought the world under one umbrella * water supply: â€Å"as we know, 60% of our energy is from water† * forms of transportation such as airplanes, where â€Å"every person has a seat† * â€Å"the things you are enjoying†¦the seat you are sitting on†¦The pen, is it not created by scientists?..The music you are in a haste to listen to, is it not created by scientists?†

Medical Assistant Career Paper

The medical assistant profession offers numerous benefits. They include the opportunity to work in a helping profession, the potential for competitive wages and advancement, and generous benefit packages. Benefits for medical assistants vary based on the employer. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, medical assistants' responsibilities vary, depending on the location and size of the practice and the practitioner's specialty. One of the biggest benefits of working as a medical assistant is the reward of helping patients who are hurting or undergoing treatments o have a positive experience.Medical assistants perform a wide variety of administrative and clinical tasks to keep the offices of physicians, podiatrists, chiropractors, and other health practitioners running smoothly. Another benefit of working as a medical assistant is a steady annual salary. The salary can range between $25,000 and $30,000 depending on the employer and type of medical assistant position. General ass istants in surgical hospitals may earn more than assistants in outpatient care centers and smaller physician offices, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Many people use the medical assistant position to advance in the medical field. The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics explains that medical assistants can advance through working experience and additional training. This can include training to becoming a nurse or another type of health-care worker, or an office manager. A medical assistant may interact with many different patients during a single day. This can include patients of all ages, including the elderly and children.Being familiar with different cultures and nationalities can help the medical assistant ake the experience more comfortable for patients of different backgrounds. Medical assistants also usually will get a set of paid benefits on the Job. This package can include a health plan, vision plan for glasses and contacts, dental insurance, general discount s in the medical office, paid vacation, pension and retirement plan, 401 k matching and free continuing education. All of these benefits may not be available in all workplaces. More benefits may be available to medical assistants working in hospitals.